CNN 10 January 20, 2017

CARL AZUZ, CNN 10 ANCHOR: Hi. I`m Carl Azuz, welcoming you to today`s special edition of CNN 10.

January 20th is inauguration day in America, the day when President-elect Donald Trump becomes the 45th leader of the United States. As we`ve talked about earlier this week, a lot is going on in Washington, D.C. today. The president-elect is expected to attend the service at St. John`s Church. 

Then, he`ll officially become the president. Then, he`ll deliver his inauguration speech, have lunch with the Senate, attend the inaugural parade, go to an inaugural ball, or several.

But what we`re going to focus on in today`s edition of CNN 10 is that moment when an elected leader goes from being the president-elect to the president. It centers on a 35-word passage located in Article II Section 1 of the U.S. Constitution.

(BEGIN VIDEOTAPE)

FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT, FORMER PRESIDENT: I, Franklin Delano Roosevelt -- 

CALVIN COOLIDGE, FORMER PRESIDENT: I, Calvin Coolidge -- 

LYNDON B. JOHNSON, FORMER PRESIDNET: I, Lyndon Baines Johnson -- 

UNIDENTIFIED MALE: Do solemnly swear -- 

JOHN F. KENNEDY, FORMER PRESIDENT: Do solemnly swear -- 

GERALD FORD, FORMER PRESIDENT: That I will faithfully execute -- 

RONALD REAGAN, FORMER PRESIDENT: The Office of President of the United States -- 

NARRATOR: It`s this moment -- 

GEORGE H.W. BUSH, FORMER PRESIDENT: And will to the best of my ability -- 

WILLIAM J. CLINTON, FORMER PRESIDENT: To the best of my ability -- 

NARRATOR: It`s these words -- 

KENNEDY: Preserve -- 

JIMMY CARTER, FORMER PRESIDENT: Protect -- 

NIXON: And defend -- 

NARRATOR: Once spoken -- 

GEORGE H. BUSH: The Constitution of the United States -- 

BARACK OBAMA, PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES: Of the United States.

NARRATOR: -- that have the power to transform any citizen into a president.

SUBTITLE: The Oath: 35 Words that Make a President.

UNIDENTIFIED MALE: I`m ready to administer the oath.

NARRATOR: To tell the story of the presidential oath of office, let`s start at the beginning with this guy, the old $ bill himself, George Washington, or the next best thing.

As our nation`s first president, he was the first to recite the oath back on April 30th, 1789.

GEORGE WASHINGTON: I, George Washington --

UNIDENTIFIED MALE: Do solemnly swear --

GEORGE WASHINGTON: Do solemnly swear --

NARRATOR: The oath of office is written into the United States Constitution, and it`s the only part meant to be administered word for word.

ROOSEVELT: -- preserve, protect, and defend --

NARRATOR: The framers carefully added these specific 35 words as the binding pledge a new president makes to the country.

KENNEDY: And I will faithfully execute the Office of President of the United States.

NARRATOR: And Washington was the first person ever to get a crack at it.

GEORGE WASHINGTON: And I will, to the best of my ability --

NARRATOR: He took the oath at Federal Hall in New York City.

But these days, most presidents take it outside the US Capitol.

UNIDENTIFIED MALE: The Office of President of the United States.

GEORGE W. BUSH: The Office of President of the United States.

NARRATOR: The Constitution doesn`t say who has to administer the oath, but generally, it`s the Chief Justice.

UNIDENTIFIED MALE: The Constitution of the United States.

NARRATOR: It was Washington`s idea to kiss the Bible, and almost every president after him did the same, that is, until the Dwight Eisenhower decided enough of that.

He put the tradition to rest in 1953 and said a prayer instead.

DWIGHT EISENHOWER: That Thou will make full and complete.

GEORGE WASHINGTON: So help me, God.

NARRATOR: Now, that line is up for debate.

The words "So help me, God" are not written in the Constitution. And historians are not sure whether Washington was the first to say them, but most presidents have added them to the end of their oath.

NIXON: So, help me, God.

NARRATOR: Fast forward two centuries later, the oath remains a very sacred tradition in our country.

UNIDENTIFIED MALE: Preserve, protect, and defend --

CARTER: The Constitution of the United States --

REAGAN: So help me, God.

DOUGLAS BRINKLEY, PRESIDENTIAL HISTORIAN: This is the grand theater and the grand spectacle of watching a democracy at work, where an entire government hands over a baton to the next government. It does not happen until the words of the oath are uttered.

ROOSEVELT: That I will faithfully execute --

CLINTON: The Office of President of the United States.

NIXON: Preserve, protect, and defend.

BRINKLEY: And the words matter. You have to say the words correctly. And if it goes sideways, you`re going to have to do a do-over like Barack Obama did.

NARRATOR: Yes, Barack Obama had a redo in 2009.

BRINKLEY: The oath of office went sideways, largely for Supreme Court Justice Roberts` mistake.

JOHN ROBERTS, SUPREME COURT JUSTICE: Are you prepared to take the oath, Senator?

BARACK OBAMA: I am.

BRINKLEY: President Obama started taking the oath, but Justice Roberts` language was different than what Obama was thinking.

ROBERTS: -- swear--

BARACK OBAMA: I, Barack Hussein Obama, do solemnly swear --

BRINKLEY: They were kind of counterposing each other. And they would go back and forth. And it was an awkward moment.

ROBERTS: That I will execute the Office of the President of the United States faithfully --

BARACK OBAMA: That I will execute --

ROBERTS: The -- faithfully the President -- the Office of President of the United States --

BARACK OBAMA: -- the office of the President of the United of States faithfully.

DOUGLAS BRINKLEY: Immediately, people called it a botched oath. Some people even questioned, is President Obama a real president?

JEFFREY TOOBIN, AUTHOR OF THE OATH: THE OBAMA WHITE HOUSE AND THE SUPREME COURT: The next morning, a new Justice Department official named David 

Barron called the White House counsel and said, you know, we might want to think about doing this again.

And that`s what set in motion the redo later that day.

I would describe the atmosphere in the White House as kind of sheepish.

Everyone was kind of embarrassed to have to do this again.

NARRATOR: Four years later, he took it two more times, but that`s because in 2013, January 20th landed on a Sunday. When that happens, the president-elect takes the oath privately in the White House and then publicly the next day.

SASHA OBAMA: Good job, Daddy. 

BARACK OBAMA: I did it.

SASHA OBAMA: You didn`t mess up.

NARRATOR: In all, Obama has taken the oath four times.

The only other president to take the oath that many times is FDR, but that`s only because he was elected president four times. A little different.

Of course, Obama isn`t the only president whose swearing-in ceremony has been a little bit weird.

For example, it didn`t go so smoothly for President Truman in 1935.

UNIDENTIFIED MALE: Vice President Harry S. Truman takes the oath of office as 32nd president.

NARRATOR: There`s no audio of it, but when Harry S. Truman took the oath, Chief Justice Harlan Stone said, "I, Harry Ship Truman." But Stone made that up.

Truman`s middle name was just the letter S.

WILLIAM HOWARD TAFT: Faithfully execute the Office of the President of the United States.

NARRATOR: It also wasn`t perfect for Herbert Hoover in 1929.

WILLIAM HOWARD TAFT: To the best of your ability that you will preserve, maintain, and defend.

NARRATOR: It`s subtle, but did you pick up on that?

Chief Justice William Howard Taft said "maintain" instead of protect the Constitution.

WILLIAM HOWARD TAFT: The Constitution of the United States.

NARRATOR: In 1909, when Taft himself was sworn in, his oath was also misquoted.

JOHN ROBERTS: And will, to the best of my ability --

BARACK OBAMA: And will, to the best of my ability --

NARRATOR: While those earlier administrations played a little fast and loose with the oath, Obama`s camp felt differently.

TOOBIN: Obama himself had nothing to do with the decision to redo the oath. It was the people around him. His aides, who knew that politically as much as legally, it was very important to establish his legitimacy. 

They knew he was the first African-American. They knew these false questions had been raised about his birthplace. So they decided, let`s foreclose any controversy and redo the whole thing.

NARRATOR: Maybe we should just go back to the way they administered the oath in the 1800s.

BEN ZIMMER, LINGUIST: Originally, whoever was administering the oath would ask it as a question.

Do you, such and such, solemnly swear?

And then the person would respond just by saying, I do, or I do solemnly swear.

HERBERT HOOVER: I do.

ZIMMER: In more modern times, the new president actually repeats every single word.

NARRATOR: Sure, it may seem like a lot of pomp and circumstance, but in the end, it is so much bigger than that. Because even when all the fanfare is stripped away, even in a simple home like Chester Arthur --

JOHNSON: -- will to the best of my ability --

NARRATOR: -- on-board a plane in a time of crisis like Lyndon Johnson, even behind closed doors at the White House to make up for a mistake --

BARACK OBAMA: I will to the best of my ability --

NARRATOR: -- it really is all about the oath. Thirty-five words with the power to make a president, and hopefully, unite the country.

(END VIDEOTAPE)

AZUZ: Today`s swearing in ceremony happens at noon Eastern Time, and as we said, there will be other inaugural events going on throughout the day. 

You can watch it all live at CNN.com.

And when we return on Monday, we`ll have full coverage from today`s presidential inauguration.

I`m Carl Azuz and though I take the obligation freely to host CNN 10, this is the end of my address today. Looking forward to seeing you again on 

Monday.

CNN 10 January 19, 2017

CARL AZUZ, CNN 10 ANCHOR: This is CNN 10. Ten minutes of world news explained. I`m Carl Azuz.

And leading things off this Wednesday, January 18th, a mystery, one of the biggest in the history of aviation may go unsolved. The underwater search for Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 has been called off. On March 8, 2014, the flight left Kuala Lumpur and headed for Beijing, China. It had 239 
people onboard.

At some point during the journey, military radar indicated that the plane changed course and headed west. Investigators believe it eventually turned south, toward the southern Indian Ocean. After that, the train went cold. A few pieces of the plane have washed up on islands near the east coast of 
Africa. But despite years of searching 46,000 square miles and spending millions of dollars, no one knows what happened to the plane. Its black box, its flight data recorder may hold some answers, but it`s missing with the flight. 

And Malaysia, China, and Australia, the three countries leading the search announced yesterday they were suspending it. They said the decision was not made lightly or without sadness. 

But a group that represents family members of the flight`s passengers says stopping it at this stage is nothing short of irresponsible.

(BEGIN VIDEOTAPE)

RACHEL CRANE, CNN CORRESPONDENT: Following a plane crash, the search for survivors always comes first. But just as important is a search for answers, the why and the how. Often, those answers are found in a black box.

SUBTITLE: What is a black box?

CRANE: Since the `60s, all commercial airplanes have been required to have one on board. Now, the name is a little misleading because they`re actually orange. And when we`re talking about a black box, we`re talking about two different boxes -- one being the cockpit voice recorder, the other being the flight data recorder. Together, they weigh anywhere between 20 to 30 pounds, and they have to be crash-proof.

Black boxes can survive just about anything: temperatures up to 2,000 degrees Fahrenheit for an hour, forces that are 3400 Gs. Now, that`s 3400 times the force of gravity. They`re waterproof and they can save recorded data for two years. And it`s a lot of data.

The cockpit voice recorder records that crew`s conversation and background noise. By listening to the ambient sounds in the cockpit before a crash, experts can determine if the stall took place, the RPMs of the engine and the speed of which the plane was traveling. When these sounds are cross-
referenced with ground control conversations, they can even help searches locate a crash site. 

Then, there`s the flight data recorder. It gathers 25 hours of technical data from airplane sensors, recording several thousand discreet pieces of information. Data about the airspeed, altitude, pitch, acceleration, roll, fuel, and the list goes on and on.

But to make sense of the data, first, you have to find it. Not an easy thing to do when a plane crashes into the ocean. 

Both black box components are outfitted with underwater locator beacons, which self-activated the moment they come into contact with water. They sent pings once per second to signal their location and can transmit data from as deep as 20,000 feet for up to 30 days, when their batteries then run out.

But on land, there`s no such pinging to help guide the search. Investigators have to sift through the wreckage until they find it.

(END VIDEOTAPE)

AZUZ: Up next, it`s a force of 4,000 U.S. troops, plus 2,400 pieces of military equipment, including tanks, artillery and armored trucks. It`s all part of a deployment lasting nine months and it`s moving throughout Eastern Europe on training exercises. 

The Americans who recently arrived in Poland received a welcome ceremony and a greeting from the country`s prime minister. 

A commander of the U.S. land forces in Europe says their presence was a concrete sign of the continued U.S. commitment to the defense of Poland and the NATO alliance.

But Russia said it saw the deployment as a threat, an action that threatens Russian interest and security. Here`s why there`s tension over this.

(BEGIN VIDEOTAPE)

ATIKA SHUBERT, CNN CORRESPONDENT: The one thing you need to know about U.S. troop deployment across Europe is the word "collective defense".

Let`s take this example, say, Russian tanks crossed the border and invaded Latvia, well, then, it would be U.S. soldiers that rushed to the frontline in Latvia`s defense. That`s the basis of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization or NATO, an alliance of 28 countries guaranteeing their region`s security. An attack on one is an attack on all.

But the United States has, by far, the most powerful military in the alliance.

The NATO was formed in 1949, just after World War II, in order to contain the Soviet Union. But in 1991, the USSR collapsed. In the next decade or so, NATO grew to include some of those former Soviet states. Then, in 2014, Russian forces entered Ukraine, seizing the Crimean Peninsula, a 
violation of international law.

Now, Ukraine is not a member of NATO. So, the United States and other NATO allies did not mobilize troops to defend Ukraine, but many of Ukraine`s neighbors are members of NATO.

Poland, Estonia, and Latvia are just some of the NATO allies that have called for more troops to come to their defense. And this is why we see thousands of U.S. troops now deployed across Eastern Europe, to create a strong deterrent against any further Russian aggression.

(END VIDEOTAPE)

(BEGIN VIDEO CLIP)

AZUZ (voice-over): Ten-second trivia. 

Which U.S. president gave the shortest inaugural address? George Washington, William Henry Harrison, Abraham Lincoln or Franklin Delano Roosevelt?

Delivered in 1793, George Washington`s second inaugural address was the shortest ever in 135 words, just two paragraphs.

(END VIDEO CLIP)

AZUZ: Two hundred twenty-four years later, a presidential inauguration is a massive event. No matter how short or long the speech might be. The price tag can ring up at $200 million. 

That`s not just this year`s event, that`s what inaugurations can typically cost in the 21st century. According to the Washington Post", both parties, Democrats and Republicans, tend to spend the same amount for inaugurations. 

Private donations can cover $70 million of the cost, give or take. The rest comes from taxpayers and the money goes to everything from security, the biggest expense, to the swearing in ceremony, the parade, the parties, and the inaugural ball.

(BEGIN VIDEOTAPE)

SUBTITLE: Inauguration day is a long one for the new leader of the free world.

Traditionally, the president-elect wakes up at Blair House, the president`s guest house.

President-elect Trump is planning to stay at Blair House, even with his hotel just down the street.

Then the president-elect takes a ride around the corner to St. John`s Church.

Then it`s time to take the oath.

GEORGE H.W. BUSH, FORMER PRESIDENT: I, George Herbert Walker, Bush -- 

UNIDENTIFIED MALE: (INAUDIBLE)

RONALD REAGAN, FORMER U.S. PRESIDENT: That I will faithfully execute the office of president of the United States.

SUBTITLE: Next: deliver a killer speech.

FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT, FORMER U.S. PRESIDENT: The only thing we have to fear is fear itself.

REAGAN: Do whatever needs to be done to preserve this last and greatest bastion of freedom.

JOHN F. KENNEDY, FORMER U.S. PRESIDENT: Ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country.

SUBTITLE: Grab lunch with the Senate.

UNIDENTIFIED MALE: Thank you for a president who knows you and seeks your through Scripture.

SUBTITLE: The lunch has been a thing since 1953. 

That`s followed by a brisk walk down Pennsylvania Avenue. (Or a drive. It`s cold in January.)

Then it`s time to thaw out and watch the parade. (Or take a selfie.)

Finally, it`s time to have a(n inaugural) ball.

Optional: Show off.

(END VIDEOTAPE)

AZUZ: There`s a quick, easy and free way to find out in advance what`s coming up on CNN 10, by signing for our daily email. From our home page, all you got to do is click on "sign up for daily emails". Enter your email address, your first name, your state, that`s it.

The night before each day`s show, you get a quick summary of our major stories sent right to your inbox.

(MUSIC)

AZUZ: For "10 out of 10" today, you`d expect to see a polar bear playing in the snow. So, no surprises here. But when you see an Asian elephant doing the same thing, you know something is up. 

This ain`t the Arctic, it`s the Oregon Zoo. It shut down one day last week for an unusually strong snow storm, but some of the animals looked like they love it. They took advantage of a snow day to play like kids on a day off from school.

Of course, the polar animals could bear it. As far as complaints went, the marine mammals` lips were sealed, and it didn`t seem like it bothered the elephant`s pachydermis. So, even if snow wasn`t part of their natural habitat, it wasn`t zoo cold for them to luzooriate in near blizood conditions. 

I`m Carl Azooz for CNN 10.